5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl-isatin derivatives

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel  5 -pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivatives, non-peptidyl Caspase binding Radioligands (CbRs) and CbR-transporter conjugates derived from said isatin derivatives, diagnostic compositions comprising said compounds of the invention and their use for non-invasive diagnostic imaging.

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/794,878 filed Feb. 15, 2008, which is a 371 application of PCT application PCT/EP05/13908 filed Dec. 22, 2005, which claims priority to EP application serial no. 05000828.3 filed Jan. 17, 2005, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention relates to novel 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivatives, non-peptidyl caspase binding radioligands (CbR) and CbR-transporter conjugates derived from said isatin derivatives, diagnostic compositions comprising said non-peptidyl CbR and CbR-transporter conjugates of the invention and their use for non invasive diagnostic imaging.

The present invention relates to the establishment of a non-invasive molecular imaging technique for the molecular imaging of caspase activity in vivo. More particularly the inventions pertain to targeting intracellularly the apoptotic process with non-peptidyl imaging agents (namely radiolabeled non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors) that specifically bind to activated caspases (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases). In the following these new imaging agents are called CbRs which stands for Caspase binding Radioligands. In addition, to actively translocate the CbRs into cells the principle of molecular transporter conjugates is applied [1-5].

The caspases belong to an enzyme class that play a critical role in the execution of the programmed cell death (apoptosis). Thus, this in vivo target offers the feasibility to diagnose directly diseases (e.g. atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, allograft rejection, stroke, neurodegenerative disorders etc.) and/or therapeutic responses (induction of apoptosis in tumors etc.) that correlate immediately with the apoptotic process. The here presented invention can be directly applied in non-invasive nuclear medicinal diagnosis with high clinical impact to differentiate between balanced (physiological) and unbalanced (pathological) apoptosis using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET). In contrast to the known radiolabeled AnnexinV radiotracers that bind to negatively charged phospholipids (especially to phosphatidylserine residues) and therefore are not exclusive markers for apoptosis [6-15], the here described CbRs and CbR-transporter conjugates should be capable to directly target apoptosis in vivo in human beings as imaging agents thereby excluding the imaging of necrotic processes. Consequently, the CbRs and CbR-transporter conjugates could enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of therapeutic interventions in the clinics and offer improved perspectives for the disease management in a variety of clinical disciplines.

BACKGROUND ART

Known potent peptide caspase inhibitors (e.g. the irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk) [16] are only moderately selective and possess only poor cell permeabilities hindering the intracellular targeting of activated caspases [17].

In contrast, the 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins represent a rare class of non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors which bind selectively to the downstream caspases, preferably to the effector caspases 3 and 7 [19]. The dicarbonyl functionality of the isatins bind in a tetrahedral manner to the caspase active site. A thiohemiketal is formed via the electrophilic C-3 carbonyl of the isatin and the nucleophilic thiolate function of the Cys163 residue of the enzyme. Consequently, the ability of the caspases to cleave substrates possessing a P1 Asp residue that reaches into the primary S1 pocket is blocked (reversible inhibitory effect) [20]. In contrast to the peptidomimetic caspase inhibitors, the 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins do not possess an acidic functionality which may bind in the primary Asp binding pocket. Various N-substituted 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins with the general formula 1 have been synthesized and disclosed so far [20-22]. Compounds bearing an allyl-, cyclohexylalkyl- or arylalkyl substituent at the N-1 nitrogen of the isatin are highly affine caspase 3 and 7 inhibiting agents. Their potency was proved by in vitro inhibition of recombinant human caspase 3 and 7 using standard fluorometric assays [21]. As recently described a non-peptidyl 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivative was shown to possess cardioprotective potential in isolated rabbit hearts after ischemic injury as well as in cardiomyocytes [17].

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a western blot analysis of active caspase-3 in apoptotically dying human endothelial cells.

FIG. 2 is another western blot analysis of active caspase-3 in apoptotically dying human endothelial cells.

FIG. 3 is a PET Scan of the in vivo biodistribution behaviour of [¹⁸F]VI in NMRI athymic nude mice.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention deals with the in vivo imaging of caspases using the synthetic biomarkers CbR as imaging probes. The caspases represent a family of intracellularly activated enzymes that could be targeted by 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins, a class of non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors with high caspase affinity and moderate lipophilicity which implies a potent cell permeability. In addition, CbR-transporter conjugates are intended to improve the translocation of the CbRs into the cells and to advance their target specificity [1-5]. Within the scope of the invention chemically modified and radiolabeled 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins should result in potential non-peptidyl CbR tracers as well as CbR-transporter conjugates that form—after non-invasive application (preferably i.v.)—intracellular enzyme-inhibitor complexes by binding of the directly administered CbR or by binding of CbR released from the administered CbR-transporter conjugate at the enzyme active site. The specifically formed enzyme-CbR complex should be detectable in vivo via the nuclear medicinal techniques Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), respectively [23-24]. For this purpose positron-emitting radioactive metals (e.g. Cu-62, Cu-64, Ga-68, Tc-94m) or non-metals (e.g. C-11, N-13, F-18, Br-76, I-124) for PET application as well as gamma-emitting radioactive metals (e.g. Tc-99m, In-111, In-113m, Ga-67) or halogens (e.g. I-123, I-131, Br-77) for SPECT application have to be introduced into the CbRs. The radiochemical modification of the 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatins should result in similar or even improved pharmacokinetic characteristics of the CbRs or CbR-transporter conjugates to achieve intracellular caspase targeting. Suitable radionuclides/radiosynthons to be used for the radiolabeling of the isatins are preferably C-11-methyliodide [25] or F-18-fluoride [26-29] for PET and I-123-iodide [30-31] or Tc-99m-chelators for SPECT [32-34] that could be coupled each to the biological tracer resulting in the CbR radiotracers. For first in vitro (e.g. cellular assays) and ex vivo (e.g. autoradiography) pharmacological evaluation studies the relevant radioisotopes C-14 and 1-125 can also be used to establish the CbR ligands in vitro. In summary, the development of the here presented CbR tracers and CbR-transporter conjugates offer the realization of the non-invasive in vivo monitoring of the rate and extent of apoptosis.

The skeletal structure in formula 1

Formula 1: R₁—X—Y=e.g. methoxymethyl, phenoxymethyl; R₂=e.g. allyl, benzyl, cyclohexylmethyl gives the basis to modify this putative class of non-peptidyl caspase inhibitors by inserting imaging moieties (preferably radionuclides for PET or SPECT) into the residues R₁—X—Y and/or R₂. In such a way a diagnostic imaging agent for the non-invasive in vivo imaging of apoptosis can be designed.

Preferred synthetic 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin caspase inhibitors of the present invention contain substituents as follows:

R₁—X—Y=alkyl, heteroalkyl-, alkyloxyalkyl-, aryloxyalkyl-, alkyloxycarbonyl-, alkylaminoalkyl-, alkylaminocarbonyl-, aryl-, aryloxyalkyl-, arylthioalkyl-, heteroaryl-, arylaminoalkyl-, arylaminocarbonyl- (all of the substituents R₁—X—Y can be radiolabeled with PET or SPECT radionuclides and can contain spacers or linkers like PEG, oligopeptides, polyamides, polysaccharides, —NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NH—, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—O— or succinidyl units etc.)

R₂=alkyl-, heteroalkyl-, allyl- (e.g. fluoroallyl-), aryl-, arylalkyl- (e.g. benzyl-), heteroarylalkyl- (e.g. pyridylmethyl-, picolyl-), alkyloxycarbonylmethyl-, aryloxycarbonylmethyl, Tc-chelators, Ga-chelators (all of the substituents R₂ can be radiolabeled with PET or SPECT radionuclides and can contain spacers or linkers like PEG, oligopeptides, polyamides, polysaccharides, —NH—(CH₂)_(n)—NH—, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—O—, succinidyl or 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units etc.)

In particular the present invention relates to 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivatives of the formula 1:

-   -   wherein,     -   X═—O—, —S—, —NH— and Y═—CH₂—, —C(O)—     -   R₁ is an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl; a         substituted alkyl group such as trifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl,         3-fluoropropyl; an aryl group such as phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl or         4-iodophenyl; a heteroarylalkyl group such as 4-picolyl-,         3-picolyl, 2-picolyl-;         6-fluoro-2-picolyl-(=6-fluoropyridyl-2-methyl), 2- or         6-fluoro-3-picolyl (=2- or 6-fluoropyridyl-3-methyl),         2-fluoro-4-picolyl (=2-fluoropyridyl-4-methyl), and optionally         additionally comprises a spacer or linker selected from         PEG₁₋₂₀₀, oligopeptide, polyamide, polysaccharide,         —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—,         succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein         n=0-6 and m=1-200;     -   R₂ is an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aralkyl,         heteroarylalkyl carboxymethyl or methyloxycarbonylmethyl group,         wherein the substituents are selected from F, I, Br, OH, NH₂,         methylamino, isopropylamino, methoxy, fluoroethyloxy,         fluoropropyloxy, trimethylamino, nitro, tosylate, triflate,         mesylate, diazonium —N₂ ⁺, 3-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl,         4-fluorophenyl, tributylstannyl, trimethylstannyl,         trimethylsilyl and 2-hydrazino-pyridin-5-carbonyl, such as         methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 2-aminoethyl,         3-aminopropyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 3-methylaminopropyl,         2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl,         2- or 3-fluoroallyl, benzyl, 4-benzyloxybenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl,         4-(2-fluoroethyloxy)benzyl, 4-(3-fluoropropyloxy)benzyl,         4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-iodobenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl,         piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl, 4-methyl-piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl,         4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl,         4-(3-fluoropropyl)piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl, 4-picolyl-,         3-picolyl, 2-picolyl-;         6-fluoro-2-picolyl-(=6-fluoropyridyl-2-methyl), 2- or         6-fluoro-3-picolyl (=2- or 6-fluoropyridyl-3-methyl),         2-fluoro-4-picolyl (=2-fluoropyridyl-4-methyl);     -   or a metal-chelator (e.g. hydrazinonicotinamide HYNIC,         histidine, DOTA and DOTA derivatives, MAG₃, BAT, DTPA, EDTA,         DAD, Pn216, carbaPn216, Pn44 etc.) or a metall-chelator bound to         an aralkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a         piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl group;     -   and optionally additionally comprises a spacer, linker or         molecular transporter selected from AnnexinV, PEG₁₋₂₀₀,         oligopeptide, polyamide, polysaccharide,         —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—,         succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein         n=0-6 and m=1-200 and wherein R₂ can also contain an amino acid         selected from histidine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine, arginine,         aspartic acid (e.g. cysteine as linker or spacer bound to         octaarginine (see Scheme 6) or Annexin V (see Scheme 7) in         CbR-transporter conjugates; or histidine as chelator in         ^(99m)Tc-labeled CbR (Table 4, 2^(nd) example)).

In a preferred embodiment the group R₁—X—Y is an alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, arylthioalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl or arylaminocarbonyl group.

Furthermore it is preferred that R₂ is an aralkyl group or a Tc-, Cu-, Ga- or In-chelator or a Tc-, Cu-, Ga- or In-chelator bound to an aralkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or a piperazin-1-carbonyl group.

Moreover, compounds are preferred, wherein R₁—X—Y and/or R₂ additionally comprises a spacer, linker or molecular transporter selected from AnnexinV, polyethylene glycol PEG₁₋₂₀₀, from an oligopeptide (e.g. heptaarginine, octaarginine, homopolyarginine, heteropolyarginine), from a polyamide, from a polysaccharide, —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—, succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein n=0-6 and m=1-200.

In a further embodiment the present invention provides non-peptidyl CbRs (Caspase binding Radioligands) having the formula as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of the substituents R₁—X—Y or R₂ is labelled with a positron-emitting metal radionuclide selected from Cu-62, Cu-64, Ga-68 and Tc-94m, a positron-emitting non-metal radionuclide selected from C-11, N-13, F-18, Br-76 and 1-124, gamma- and/or beta-emitting metal radionuclide selected from Tc-99m, In-111, In-113m, Ga-67 and Cu-67 and gamma- and or/beta-emitting non-metal radionuclide selected from C-14, I-123, I-125, I-131 and Br-77.

In a preferred embodiment of the CbR the group R₁—X—Y is 4-[¹²³I]iodophenoxymethyl-, 4-[¹⁸F]fluorophenoxymethyl-, [¹⁸F]trifluoromethyloxymethyl-, 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyloxymethyl, 3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyloxymethyl, 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyloxycarbonyl, 4-[¹¹C]methyloxyphenoxymethyl, or [¹¹C]methyloxycarbonyl, and/or R₂ is AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl-, thus forming a phosphatidyl serinopathy-dependent CbR-transporter conjugate (see Scheme 7); Arg₈-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl-(see Scheme 6), thus forming a phosphatidyl serinopathy-independent CbR-transporter conjugate; 3-[¹²³I]iodo-4-hydroxybenzyl-, 4-[¹²³I]iodobenzyl-, [¹¹C]methyl, 3-[¹¹C]methylaminopropyl, 3-(2′-[[¹¹C]isopropyl)aminopropyl, [¹¹C]methyloxycarbonyl methyl, 4-[¹¹C]methyloxybenzyl, 4-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyloxy)benzyl, 4-(3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyloxy)benzyl, 4-[¹¹C]methyl-piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl, 4-(2′-[¹¹C]isopropyl)piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl, 4-(3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyl)piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl), 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-picolyl-(=6-[¹⁸F]fluoropyridyl-2-methyl), 2- or 6-[¹⁸F]fluoro-3-picolyl (=2- or 6-[¹⁸F]fluoropyridyl-3-methyl), 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-4-picolyl (=2-[¹⁸F]fluoropyridyl-4-methyl); [¹¹C]methyloxycarbonylmethyl, a ^(99m)Tc-chelator-group, or a ⁶⁸Ga-chelator-group.

Moreover the present invention provides a diagnostic composition comprising a non-peptidyl CbR (Caspase binding Radioligand) and/or a CbR-transporter conjugate as described above.

In a further embodiment the present invention provides the use of a non-peptidyl CbR and/or a CbR-transporter conjugate as described above for the preparation of a diagnostic composition for non-invasive imaging of caspase activity in vivo by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [23-24].

The diagnostic compositions according the present invention in particular be used for the diagnosis of disorders connected with apoptosis and/or monitoring therapeutic responses connected with apoptosis, thus in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, allograft rejection, stroke or neurodegenerative disorders.

In a further preferred embodiment the diagnostic compositions according the present invention may be used in the monitoring of induction of apoptosis in tumors, in particular for monitoring chemotherapy-induced or ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis.

It will be appreciated by the person of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention also comprises all stereoisomers of the compounds according to the invention, including its enantiomers and diastereomers. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds according to the invention can be substantially present pure of other isomers, in admixture thereof or as racemates or as selected stereoisomers.

The nomenclature of the compound numbering used herein is as follows:

I, II, III, IV, V etc.=non-radioactive reference compounds of PET-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates [¹¹C]II, [¹¹C]III, [¹⁸F]IV etc. ═PET-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates Ia, Ib, Ic, IIa, IIa, IIb, IIc etc.=precursors of PET-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates for radiolabeling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.=non-radioactive reference compounds of SPECT-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates

[¹²³I]1, [¹²³I]2, [^(99m)Tc]3 etc.=SPECT-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates

1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b, 3c etc.=precursors of SPECT-compatible CbR tracers or CbR-transporter conjugates for radiolabeling

especially: Iaa, 1bb, IIcc etc=intermediates of precursor compounds Ia, 1b, IIc etc.

The caspase 3 and 7 selective isatin sulfonamides (S)-1-methyl-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin I (K_(i)(Caspase 3)=15 nM) and (S)-5-(1-[2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]-sulfonyl)isatin IIa (K_(i) (Caspase 3)=60 nM) were chosen as lead structures to develop CbRs (Scheme 1) [20].

Concerning the here disclosed invention compound 11a is an example of a CbR precursor that could be radiolabeled by C-11-methylation of the N-1 isatin nitrogen resulting in the potential PET-compatible CbR (S)-5-(1-[2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)-1-[¹¹C]methyl-isatin [¹¹C]II. Compound I represents the non-radioactive counterpart of a PET-compatible CbR which should be available by authentic radiolabeling (here: again N—[¹¹C]methylation) of the desmethyl precursor (S)-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin la resulting in the feasible PET-compatible CbR(S)-1-[¹¹C]methyl-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin [¹¹C]I (Scheme 2).

The F-18-fluoroalkylation of the isatin N-1 nitrogen should be also possible (e.g. nucleophilic substitution reaction of a corresponding 3-tosylpropyl precursor with [¹⁸F]K(Kryptofix222)F). In table 1 further PET-compatible CbRs are summarised that are achievable using the radiosynthons [¹⁸F]F₂, [¹⁸F]K(Kryptofix222)F, [¹⁸F]F—(CH₂)_(n)-LG (n=1-3, LG=Tos, Hal, Tf, Ms), [¹¹C]CH₃X (X═I, Tf) or [¹¹C]acetone.

TABLE 1 Selection of CbRs for PET, radiolabeled in R₂ (LG = Tos, Tf, Ms) Precursor PET-Tracer Lead structure R₂ = R₂ =

H  

 

¹¹CH₃  

 

wherein Tos = tosylate Tf = triflate Ms = mesylate

TABLE 2 Selection of CbRs for PET, rediolabeled in R₁ (LG = Tos, Tf, Ms) Precursor PET-Tracer Lead structure R₁ = R₁ =

 

 

 

 

In addition to the PET-compatible CbR tracers to be developed especially SPECT-compatible CbR tracers are attractive for commercialisation purposes owing to the somewhat longer lived SPECT nuclides I-123 (T_(1/2)=13.2 h) and Tc-99m (T_(1/2)=6 h). This circumstance allows professional shipment and distribution of the corresponding CbR tracers as radiopharmaceuticals after realisation of the necessary clinical phase studies regarding the pharmaceutical as well as the radiation protection guidelines. In contrast to C-11-labeled CbR tracers (T_(1/2)=20 min), the commercialisation of F-18-labeled (T_(1/2)=110 min) and Ga-68-labeled (T_(1/2)=67.6 min) CbR ligands would be also possible but is limited to a so called satellite distribution system.

In scheme 3 the I-123-labeled SPECT-compatible CbR tracer (S)-1-(4-[¹²³I]iodobenzyl)-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin [¹²³I]1 is displayed which is available by iododemetalation reaction [30] of the precursor (S)-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)-1-(4-(tributylstannyl)benzyl)isatin 1a (For the synthesis of non-radioactive SPECT CbR references and radiolabeled SPECT CbR model tracers please see below).

TABLE 3 Selection of I-123-labeled CbRs for SPECT Precursor SPECT-Tracer Lead structure R₂ = R₂ =

 

 

Precursor SPECT-Tracer Lead structure R₁ = R₁ =

 

 

Furthermore, the isatin N-1 nitrogen provides a promising position for the coupling with Tc-99m-chelators to yield potential Tc-99m-technetium CbR tracers. A modified isatin lead structure is suggested in scheme 5 which offers the opportunity to link a variety of Tc-99m-technetium chelates with N₄, N₂O₂, N₂S₂, N₃S, N₃O₃, N₂O(CO)₃ etc. coordination sphere. Examples are given as follows:

All the compounds derived by the chelator modifications (see items 1.-5., below) represent precursors for the radiosyntheses of Tc-99m-SPECT-compatible CbRs which are available via ordinary kit preparation procedures.

Tc-chelators according to the present invention are e.g. the compounds as listed below, however, they are not limited to them [34]:

1.

-   -   Further chelators according to the present invention are e.g.         derivatives of MAG3 (mercapto acetyl triglycine) or tripodand         ligands with N₃S—, N₂S₂-etc. coordination sphere, which could be         also linked to the isatin N-1 nitrogen using similar spacers         (alkyl, polyethylenglycol (PEG), oligopeptide, polyamide,         oligosaccharide spacers etc.) in the manner presented in scheme         5.     -   Moreover, also the chelators Pn44, Pn216, carbaPn216 or BAT or         any other suitable chelator with N₄—, N₂O₂—, N₂S₂—, N₃S— etc.         coordination sphere may be attached to the lead structure by the         substitution of the corresponding halogeno isatin derivative via         the NH₂ residues of the chelators (scheme 5: coupling moiety         X≡NH—).     -   Additional chelators that may be used in the present invention         are the chelators DAD, MAG3 or any other suitable chelator with         N₄—, N₂O₂—, N₂S₂—, N₃S—etc. coordination sphere and may be         attached to an amino group of a suitable precursor by an         amidation reaction (see Scheme 5: coupling moiety X≡N—C(═O)—).     -   Moreover the chelators Pn44, Pn216, carbaPn216 or BAT may be         attached to the carboxy group of a suitable precursor by an         amidation reaction (scheme 5: coupling moiety X≡C(═O)—N—).

In addition, further SPECT-compatible Tc-99m-labeled CbRs are summarised in table 4 that are achievable by histidine [35] and/or HYNIC chelators [36]attached to the isatin N-1 position via alkyl, polyethylenglycol (PEG), oligopeptide, polyamide and/or oligosaccharide spacers or via the amino group of a suitable precursor by an amidation reaction (see Scheme 5: coupling moiety X≡N—C(═O)—).

TABLE 4 Tc-99m-labeled CbRs for SPECT (Lead structure see Table 1) Precursor SPECT-Tracer R₂ = R₂ =

Furthermore, the isatin N-1 nitrogen provides a promising position for the coupling with Ga-68-chelators to yield potential Ga-88-gallium CbR tracers for PET (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Example of a Ga-68-labeled CbR for PET (Lead structure see Table 1) Precursor PET-Tracer R₂ = R₂ =

Furthermore, the isatin N-1 nitrogen provides a position for the coupling with molecular transporters like hepta- or octaarginine [1-4] or Annexin V [5] to yield potential CbR-transporter conjugates for SPECT and/or PET.

In a further aspect the present invention provides CbR-transporter conjugates which may be used for an active caspase targeting. Hereby the substituent R₁—X—Y of the isatin structure is radiolabeled in contrast to the labeling for the unconjugated CbR wherein particularly the R₂ substituent is radiolabeled.

The following SPECT- and PET-compatible R₁—X—Y groups are preferred:

-   -   4-[¹²³I]iodophenoxymethyl-,     -   4-[¹⁸F]fluorophenoxymethyl-,     -   2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyloxymethyl,     -   3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyloxymethyl,     -   2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyloxycarbonyl,     -   [¹¹C]methyloxycarbonyl

The CbR-transporter conjugates according to the present invention, i.e. the linking of suitably radiolabeled CbRs with so-called molecular transporters may be used to introduce the CbR actively into the cells.

The CbR is linked via the N-1 nitrogen atom of the isatin structure. The CbR-transporter conjugates according the present invention will release the CbR after intracellular intake via cleavage or due to lysosomal degradation of the molecular transporter and thus finally binds to the caspases.

By this implementation of the releasable drug-transporter conjugate approach as described by Wender et al. [1-4], a profound enhancement of sensitivity of caspase detection can be obtained due to the active transport via the membrane into the cells thus also providing an improved apoptosis imaging.

TABLE 6 Selection of radiolabeled CbR-transporter conjugates for SPECT or PET Lead structure R₁—X—Y = R₂ = PET

[¹⁸F]F(CH₂)₂OCH₂ [¹⁸F]F(CH₂)₃OCH₂ 4-[¹⁸F]F—C₆H₄—OCH₂ [¹⁸F]F(CH₂)₂OCO [¹¹C]CH₃OCO [¹⁸F]F(CH₂)₂OCH₂ [¹⁸F(CH₂)₃OCH₂ 4-[¹⁸F]F—C₆H₄—OCH₂ [¹⁸F]F(CH₂)₂OCO [¹¹C]CH₃OCO Arg₈-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl ″ ″ ″ ″ AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl ″ ″ ″ ″ CH₃OCH₂ ⁵⁸Ga-AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl C₆H₅OCH₂ ″ CH₃OCH₂ ¹⁸F-AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl C₆H₅OCH₂ ″ SPECT 4-[¹²³I]I—C₆H₄—OCH₂ Arg₈-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl 4-[¹²³I]I—C₆H₄—OCH₂ AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl CH₃OCH₂ ^(99m)Tc-AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl C₆H₅OCH₂ ″ CH₃OCH₂ ¹²³I-AnnexinV-S-Cys-acyloxybenzyl C₆H₅OCH₂ ″

As molecular transporters according to the present invention the following may be used:

Annexin V Heptaarginine Oktaarginine Heteropolyarginines Homopolyarginines

Targeted drug delivery using the CbRs according to the present invention can be distinguished between:

-   A phosphatidyl serinopathy-independent transport of the     CbR-polyarginine conjugate, -   B phosphatidyl serinopathy-dependent transport of the CbR-AnnexinV     conjugate. -   C dual specificity probes for the detection of apoptosis.

Synthesis of Phosphatidyl Serinopathy-Independent CbR-Polyarginine Conjugates.

Two different species of CbR-transporter-conjugates are synthesized according to the present invention.

A CbR-octaarginine conjugate which may optionally be labeled at the R₁—X—Y group with [¹¹C] or [¹⁸F](PET-Tracer) or with [¹²³I](SPECT-Tracer).

This is exemplified in scheme 6 for a [¹⁸F]-labeled target conjugate, using a modified Balz-Schiemann-Reaktion for the [¹⁸F]-fluorination labeling [28-29]. A [¹²³I]-labeling can be achieved via a tributylstannyl intermediate [31].

Moreover a nitro moiety can be introduced into the phenoxyprolinol of the group R₁—X—Y to prepare a subsequent reduction, diazotisation and subsequent [¹⁸F]-fluorination. In a further embodiment a R₁—X—Y tosylate intermediate (e.g. R₁—X—Y=3-tosylpropyloxymethyl) can be [¹⁸F]fluorinated with [¹⁸F]K(Kryptofix222)F (see Table 6, R₁—X—Y=3-[¹⁸F]fluoropropyloxymethyl). The modification of the isatin-nitrogen substituent can be achieved via a protected p-hydroxybenzylfunction and the molecular transporter such as octaarginine, can be bound to the CbR via a modified cysteine-bridge.

Various substituents R (see Scheme 6) can be used to obtain different in vitro und in vivo-stabilities of the conjugate.

Depending on the nature of R CbR is relased by an intramolecular substitution within minutes to several hours, whereby the active ingredient acts as a leaving group [1-2]. The last 5 steps of the synthesis beginning with the [¹⁸F]-labeling are carried out with an automated synthesis module.

Synthesis of Phosphatidyl Serinopathy-Dependent CbR-AnnexinV Conjugates.

Similarly also a [^(11C], [) ¹⁸F]- or [¹²³I]-CbR-AnnexinV conjugate is synthesized.

Scheme 7 shows the synthesis in accordance with the synthesis of 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoyl-annexinV ([¹⁸]FBA) [37]which is congruent to the above synthesis of the corresponding octaarginine conjugate.

An accordingly modifiable isatin which can be prepared for radioactive labeling may be radiolabeled via automated synthesis and coupled with the protein AnnexinV.

Synthesis of Dual Specificity Probes for Apoptosis.

Phosphatidyl Serinopathy-Dependent CbR-AnnexinV Conjugates May be Labeled with Different Radioisotopes.

AnnexinV may be first labeled with [^(99m)Tc] or [¹²³I] and the thus obtained product may be used as a radiosynthon for conjugation with non-radiolabeled CbR. In a double-nuclide study first the SPECT-compatible conjugate —[^(99m)Tc]- or [¹²³I]-labeled at the Annexin V site—and subsequently the same but analogous PET-compatible conjugate —[¹⁸⁻F]- or [¹¹C]-labeled at the CbR site—can be applied. The result is an image depicting phosphatidyl serinopathy using SPECT (e.g. CbR-[^(99m)Tc]Tc-HYNIC-AnnexinV) and depicting intracellular caspase-CbR interaction using PET (e.g. [¹⁸F]fluoroCbR-AnnexinV). Of course AnnexinV can also be labeled as a PET-compatible phosphatidyl serinopathy CbR-transporter conjugate with a ⁶⁸Ga-chelator and subsequently the CbR portion may be labeled with [¹²³I]reflecting the Caspase-CbR interaction using SPECT.

This provides a meaningful tool for the detection of individual cell reactions to a potentially deadly stimulus which can be used to differentiate between potentially reversible PS-exposition in myocardial ischemia (determining the area at risk) and apoptotic tissue (moribund by caspases) (see Table 6 for preferable variations).

Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention 1. Synthesis of 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl Isatins

The compounds of structures I and IIa were synthesised according to Lee et al. [20-21]. In scheme 8 the general synthesis route for the preparation of the potential PET-compatible CbR radiotracer (S)-1-[¹¹C]methyl-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin [¹¹C]I is exemplified.

It will be apparent for the person of ordinary skill in the art how to vary the above scheme 8 to arrive at the other compounds with various R₁—X—Y as well as R₂ substituents.

A General Procedure for the Synthesis of New Isatin Derivatives is as Follows:

5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin Ia or 5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa (Scheme 9) were placed in a round bottom flask and dissolved in 50 mL of dry dimethylformamide. Under argon-atmosphere 1 equivalent of sodium hydride was added. During stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature the solution became dark red. Afterwards an access of the benzylbromide was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 3 hours at room temperature. In the case of benzylchlorides the reaction mixture was warmed up to 80° C. Removal of the solvent in vacuo afforded the crude product, which was purified by silica gel chromatography.

EXAMPLES 1.1. PET-Compatible References (I, II, III, IV, V etc.) 1.1.1 Synthesis of (S)-(+)-1-(methyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin I (Compound I was Synthesised in Accordance to ref. [21].)

(S)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia (500 mg, 1.3 mmol) was reacted with sodium hydride (52 mg, 1.3 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) and methyl iodide (553 mg, 3.9 mmol, 0.24 mL) as described in the general procedure and stirred 5 h at room temperature. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (diisopropyl ether:acetone 6:1) and yielded I as an orange solid.

Yield: 280 mg (0.7 mmol, 54%). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ [ppm]: 1.58-1.67, 1.83-1.93, 3.20-3.37, 3.39-3.43, 3.89-4.11 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH/H₂, OCH₂), 3.17 (s, 3H, NCH₃), 6.90-6.93 (m, 3H, Ar—H), 7.28 (d, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.1 Hz, isatin-H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.81 (d, 1H, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.8 Hz, isatin-H), 8.12 (dd, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.1 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.8 Hz, isatin-H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ [ppm]: 24.0, 28.8 (pyrrolidine-CH₂), 26.7 (NCH₃), 49.6, 58.7 (pyrrolidine-NCH₂), 69.9 (OCH₂), 111.6, 114.8 (ArCH), 118.1 (q-ArCCO), 121.2, 122.8, 129.9, 131.8 (ArCH), 137.1 (q-ArCSO₂), 154.6 (q-ArCNH), 158.5 (q-ArC), 158.8 (COCONH), 187.5 (COCONH).

MS (EI): m/e (intensity %): 400 (M⁺, 28), 293 (100), 224 (76), 160 (48).

Anal (C₂₀H₂₀N₂O₅S) C, H, N; calcd: C, 59.99; H, 5.03; N, 7.00. found: C, 59.90; H, 4.95; N, 6.99.

1.1.2 Synthesis of (S)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-1-methyl-isatin II

485 mg (1.25 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 50 mg (1 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 248 mg (1.5 mmol; 0.1 mL) methyliodide as described in the general procedure and stirred 2 hours at room temperature. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (diisopropylether/acetone 4:1) and yielded 175 mg of II (0.58 mmol; 46%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 143-144° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.61, 1.82, 3.18, 3.51, 3.52 and 3.68 (bs, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.24 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.28 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 6.94-6.98 (m, 1H, isatin-H); 7.96 (bs, 1H, isatin-H); 8.02-8.04 (m, 1H, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=26.1, 28.6, 30.8, 32.3, 51.3, 61.0, 61.2, 76.8, 112.2, 119.2, 126.3, 136.0, 139.4, 156.0, 159.8, 183.8.

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 361 (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₅S+Na)⁺.

Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₅S: C, 53.24; H, 5.36; N, 8.28. found: C, 53.54; H, 5.34; N, 8.49.

1.1.3 Synthesis of(S)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin II

386 mg (1 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 40 mg (1 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 670 mg (3 mmol) 4-methoxybenzylchloride as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (diisopropylether/acetone 8:1) and yielded 310 mg of III (0.61 mmol; 61%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 152° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 6 (ppm)=1.77-1.81, 2.00-2.04, 3.22-3.26, 3.47-3.51 and 4.15-4.19 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.88-3.98 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.86 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.81-6.98 (m, 6H, PhH, isatin-H); 7.21-7.28 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.95 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.01 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=26.8, 28.7, 30.0, 43.6, 49.2, 55.0, 58.3, 110.9, 114.0, 114.3, 117.1, 120.7, 123.9, 125.1, 128.4, 128.7, 129.2, 133.8, 136.7, 153.0, 157.4, 157.9, 159.4, 181.4.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 506 (M⁺, 17); 399 (M-CH₂OPh⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₆S: C, 64.02; H, 5.17; N, 5.53. found: C, 63.89; H, 5.34; N, 5.51.

1.1.4 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IV

500 mg (1.54 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 61 mg (1.54 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 723 mg (0.65 mL, 4.62 mmol) 4-methoxybenzylchloride as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 3:1-1:1) and yielded 462 mg of IV (1.04 mmol; 68%) as an orange foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.65-1.69, 1.85-1.89, 3.10-3.13, 3.35-3.41 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.33 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.52-3.54 and 3.72-3.75 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 3.79 (s, 3H, PhOCH₃); 4.90 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.87 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, isatin-H); 6.94 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, PhH); 7.25 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, PhH); 7.98 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.1 Hz, isatin-H); 8.02 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.1, 28.2, 28.9, 44.0, 49.3, 55.4, 59.1, 74.9, 111.2, 114.6, 117.6, 124.4, 125.8, 129.1, 134.1, 137.3, 153.4, 157.8, 159.8, 181.9.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 444 (M*, 90); 399 (M-CH₂OCH₃, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₆S: C, 59.45; H, 5.44;

N, 6.30. found: C, 59.36; H, 5.46; N, 6.05.

1.1.5 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin V

374 mg (1 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 60 mg (1.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.18 g (5 mmol) 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane/ethyl acetate 1:1) and yielded 170 mg of V (0.32 mmol; 32%) as an orange foam.

mp.: 145-146° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.73-1.84, 1.94-2.06, 3.18-3.26, 3.45-3.51 and 4.13-4.14 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.94-3.97 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.14-4.16, 4.22-4.25, 4.63-4.66, 4.79-4.82 (each m, each 1H, PhCH₂CH₂F); 4.85 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.79-6.92 (m, 6H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.15-7.27 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.93 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.98 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.2, 27.9, 29.1, 43.9, 49.5, 58.7, 67.4, 69.2, 80.7, 82.9, 111.2, 114.4, 115.4, 117.5, 121.1, 124.3, 126.5, 128.2, 129.2, 129.5, 134.2, 137.1, 153.3, 157.8, 158.3, 158.6, 181.8.

¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=−224.0.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 538 (M⁺, 8); 431 (M-CH₂OPh, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₈H₂₇N₂FO₆S: C, 62.44; H, 5.05; N, 5.20. found: C, 62.70; H, 5.02; N, 4.91.

1.1.6 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin VI

324 mg (1.00 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 60 mg (1.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.18 g (5.16 mmol) 4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 3:1) and yielded 313 mg of VI (0.66 mmol; 66%) as a yellow powder.

mp.: 68-69° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.54-1.64, 1.78-1.84, 3.00-3.07, 3.45-3.61 and 3.60-3.65 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.25 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.25-3.35 (m, 2H, CH₃OCH₂); 4.08, 4.17, 4.58, 4.74 (each dd, each 1H, J=5.2 Hz, PhCH₂CH₂F); 4.83 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.81-6.87 (m, 3H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.19-7.23 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.89 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 8.1 Hz, isatin-H); 7.95 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): S (ppm)=24.5, 29.2, 44.3, 49.7, 59.4, 67.8, 75.2, 81.0, 83.3, 111.6, 115.7, 117.9, 124.8, 126.8, 129.5, 134.6, 137.7, 153.7, 158.2, 159.0, 182.3.

¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=−224.0.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 476 (M⁺, 8); 431 (M-CH₂OCH₃ ⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₃H₂₅N₂FO₆S: C, 57.97; H, 5.27; N, 5.88. found: C, 57.61; H, 5.18; N, 5.51.

1.2 Precursors for PET Chemistry (Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa, Va etc.) 1.2.1 Synthesis of (S)-(+)-1-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin IIIaa

500 mg (1.3 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 52 mg (1.3 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 605 mg (2.6 mmol) 4-benzyloxybenzylchloride as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroletherlethyl acetate 3:1) and yielded 675 mg of Illaa (1.16 mmol; 89%) as an orange foam.

mp.: 69-70° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.75-1.85, 1.93-2.05, 3.17-3.25, 3.44-3.50 and 3.90-3.97 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.86-3.91 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.83 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 5.03 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.78-6.96 (m, 7H, isatin-H and PhH); 7.18-7.40 (m, 8H, PhH); 7.93 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 7.8 Hz, isatin-H); 7.98 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=26.7, 31.6, 46.5, 52.1, 61.2, 71.7, 72.7, 113.7, 116.9, 118.1, 120.0, 123.6, 126.8, 128.5, 130.0, 131.2, 131.7, 132.1, 136.7, 139.2, 139.6, 155.9, 160.3, 161.5, 182.8.

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 606 (C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₆S+Na)⁺. Anal. Calc. for C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₆S: C, 68.03; H, 5.19; N, 4.81. found: C, 68.38; H, 5.34; N, 4.51.

1.2.2 Synthesis of (S)-1-(p-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-isatin IIab

(S)-5-[1-(2-Phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia (750 mg, 2 mmol) was reacted with sodium hydride (88 mg, 2.2 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) and p-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]benzylbromide (1.81 g, 6 mmol) as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 9:1 to 4:1) to yield a yellow sticky oil.

Yield: 630 mg (1.01 mmol, 52%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: 0.18 (s, 6H, SiCH₃); 0.97 (s, 9H, SitBu); 1.77-1.80, 1.99-2.05, 3.22-3.24, 3.48-3.51, 3.89-3.97, 4.14-4.17 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH/H₂, CH₂O); 4.84 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ar); 6.80-6.94 (m, 6H, Ar—H, isatin-H), 7.17-7.24 (m, 4H, Ar—H); 7.94 (dd, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H); 8.07 (d, 1H, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: −4.6 (SiCH₃), 18.1 (SiCCH₃), 26.8 (C(CH₃)₃), 24.0, 28.9, 49.4, 58.5 (pyrrolidine-C), 43.9 (CCH₂Ar), 69.0 (OCH₂), 117.0 (q-ArC(CO)), 114.3, 120.2, 122.7, 122.8, 124.1, 126.2, 128.9 (ArC), 129.4 (q-CCH₂N), 134.1 (isatin-CH), 136.9 (q-CSO₂), 153.3 (q-CN(CO)), 155.9 (q-COSi), 157.6 (isatin-N(CO)), 158.1 (q-COCH₂), 181.6 (N(CO)CO).

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 629 (M+Na); 607 (M+H)⁺.

Anal. Calc. for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₆SSi+EtOAc: C, 62.22; H, 6.67; N, 4.03. found: C, 62.01; H, 6.57; N, 4.04.

1.2.3 Synthesis of (S)-(+)-1-(4-benzyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin IVaa

560 mg (1.72 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 69 mg (1.72 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.2 g (5.16 mmol) 4-benzyloxybenzylchloride as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 3:1) and yielded 700 mg of IVaa (1.34 mmol; 78%) as a yellow powder.

mp.: 73-74° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC3): δ (ppm)=1.65-1.69, 1.85-1.89, 3.10-3.12, 3.52-3.57 and 3.70-3.73 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.32 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.34-3.39 (m, 2H, CH₃OCH₂); 4.89 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 5.04 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph); 6.92-6.97 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.25-7.41 (m, 6H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.96 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.02 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.1, 28.7, 44.0, 49.3, 59.1, 70.2, 74.9, 111.3, 115.6, 117.5, 124.4, 126.1, 127.5, 128.1, 128.6, 129.1, 134.1, 136.6, 137.3, 153.4, 157.9, 159.0, 181.9.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 520 (M⁺, 15); 475 (M-CH₂OCH₃ ⁺, 100).

1.2.4 Synthesis of (S)-1-(p-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-isatin IVab

(S)-5-[1-(2-Methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa (648 mg, 2 mmol) was reacted with sodium hydride (88 mg, 2.2 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) and p-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]benzylbromide (1.81 g, 6 mmol) as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 9:1 to 3:2) and yielded IVab as a yellow sticky oil.

Yield: 510 mg (0.94 mmol, 47%).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: 0.18 (s, 6H, SiCH₃); 0.97 (s, 9H, SitBu); 1.65-1.67, 1.88-1.90, 3.09-3.12, 3.40-3.42, 3.54-3.57, 3.71-3.73 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CHIH₂, CH₂O); 3.33 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 4.89 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ar); 6.83 (d, 2H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 6.93 (d, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.20 (d, 2H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, Ar—H); 7.97 (dd, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H); 8.04 (d, 1H, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H). ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDC31): δ [ppm]: −4.6 (SiCH₃), 18.1 (SiCCH₃), 25.5 (C(CH₃)₃), 24.0, 28.7, 49.2, 58.9 (pyrrolidine-C), 43.8 (NCH₂Ar), 59.1 (OCH₃), 74.7 (OCH₂), 117.2 (q-ArC(CO)), 120.2, 122.7, 122.8, 124.3 (Ar—C), 129.5 (q-CCH₂N), 134.1 (isatin-CH), 137.1 (q-CSO₂), 153.3 (q-CN(CO)), 155.8 (q-COSi), 157.7 (isatin-N(CO)), 181.8 (N(CO)CO).

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 567 (M+Na)⁺, 545 (M+H)_(t).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₆SSi: C, 59.53; H, 6.66; N, 5.14. found: C, 59.87; H, 6.38; N, 4.89.

1.2.5 Synthesis of (S)-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa

(S)-1-(p-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Illab (400 mg, 0.66 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 mL) and conc. HCl (1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature and then diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed With NaHCO₃, water and brine and dried with magnesium sulphate. After removal of the solvent the yellow residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 2:1 to 3:2) to yield a yellow sticky oil.

Yield: 210 mg (0.43 mmol, 65%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC3): δ [ppm]: 1.71-1.82, 1.91-2.05, 3.19-3.26, 3.43-3.51, 3.60-3.71, 4.12-4.16 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH/H₂, CH₂O); 4.82 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ar); 5.58 (m, 1H, ArOH); 6.79-6.94 (m, 6H, Ar—H, isatin-H), 7.17-7.31 (m, 4H, Ar—H); 7.95 (dd, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H); 7.99 (d, 1H, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.6 Hz, isatin-H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: 24.5, 29.4, 49.9, 59.1 (pyrrolidine-C), 44.4 (NCH₂Ar), 59.2 (OCH₃), 72.7 (OCH₂), 117.9 (q-ArC(CO)), 116.5, 124.7, 126.1, 127.6, 127.7, 129.1, (Ar—C), 129.6 (q-CCH₂N), 134.6 (isatin-CH), 137.5 (q-CSO₂), 153.7 (q-CN(CO)), 156.5 (q-COH), 158.2, 158.6 (isatin-N(CO), q-COCH₂), 182.2 (N(CO)CO)).

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 516 (M+Na)⁺, 494 (M+H)⁺.

Anal. Calc. for C₂₆H₂₅N₂O₆S: C, 63.40; H, 4.91; N, 5.69. found: C, 63.25; H, 4.76; N, 5.98.

1.2.6 Synthesis of (S)-1-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IVa

(S)-1-(p-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxybenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IVab (500 mg, 0.92 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 mL) and conc. HCl (1 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature and then diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃, water and brine and dried with magnesium sulphate. After removal of the solvent the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (cyclohexane:ethyl acetate 3:2 to 1:1) to yield a yellow sticky oil.

Yield: 350 mg (0.81 mmol, 88%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: 1.65-1.71, 1.85-1.92, 3.10-3.13, 3.41-3.44, 3.53-3.57, 3.71-3.73 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH/H₂, CH₂O); 3.33 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 4.61 (m, 1H, ArOH), 4.87 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ar); 6.83 (d, 2H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, Ar—H), 6.94 (d, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.18 (d, 2H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, Ar—H); 7.96 (dd, 1H, ³J_(H,H)=8.4 Hz, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.8 Hz, isatin-H); 8.02 (d, 1H, ⁴J_(H,H)=1.8 Hz, isatin-H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ [ppm]: 24.1, 28.8, 49.3, 59.1 (pyrrolidine-C), 44.1 (CCH₂), 59.2 (OCH₃), 74.8 (OCH₂), 117.5 (q-ArC(CO)), 116.2, 122.8, 124.4, 124.9 (ArC), 129.5 (q-CCH₂N), 134.1 (isatin-CH), 137.3 (q-CSO₂), 153.5 (q-CN(CO)), 156.9 (q-COH), 157.9 (isatin-N(CO)), 182.0 (N(CO)CO)).

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 453 (M+Na)*, 431 (M+H).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₆S: C, 58.59; H, 5.15; N, 6.51. found: C, 58.72; H, 4.98; N, 6.21.

1.2.7 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Vaa

730 mg (1.90 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 80 mg (1.90 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 882 mg (3 mmol) 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 3:1-1:1) and yielded 910 mg of Vaa (1.52 mmol; 80%) as a yellow solid.

mp.: 162-163° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDC₃): δ (ppm)=1.68-1.75, 1.91-1.97, 3.13-3.17, 3.39-3.42 (m, 6H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.54 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz, PhCH₂CH₂Br); 3.80-3.90 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.05-4.09 (m, 1H, pyrrolidine-CH); 4.19 (t, 2H, J=6.0 Hz, PhCH₂CH₂Br); 4.77 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.71-6.87 (m, 6H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.11-7.20 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.86 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.91 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.5, 29.3, 29.4, 44.3, 49.9, 59.1, 68.4, 69.6, 11.6, 114.8, 115.8, 117.9, 121.5, 124.7, 127.0, 129.6, 129.9, 134.6, 137.5, 153.7, 158.2, 158.6, 182.1.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 600 (3), 598 (M*, 3); 493 (100), 491 (M-CH₂OPh, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₈H₂₇BrN₂O₆S: C, 56.10; H, 4.54; N, 4.67. found: C, 56.10; H, 4.40; N, 4.56.

1.2.8 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-(p-methylphenylsulfonyloxy)ethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Va

500 mg (0.83 mmol) of (S)-(+)-1-(4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Vaa was solved in 20 mL dry acetonitrile under argon atmosphere. After adding 1.26 g (4 mmol) silver tosylate the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. During the reaction grey precipitation was formed. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (toluene/ethyl acetate 2:1). It yielded 510 mg of Va (0.75 mmol; 90%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 83-83° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.74-1.85, 1.95-2.05, 3.22-3.27, 3.46-3.53 (m, 6H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 2.45 (s, 3H, PhCH₃); 3.96-3.99 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.12-4.18 (m, 3H, PhCH₂CH₂OTos and pyrrolidine-CH); 4.34-4.37 (m, 2H, PhCH₂C₂HOTos); 4.85 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.79-6.94 (m, 6H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.21-7.36 (m, 6H, PhH); 7.79-7.82 (m, 2H, PhH), 7.96 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.00 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=22.0, 24.5, 29.4, 44.3, 49.9, 59.1, 66.1, 68.3, 69.6, 111.6, 114.8, 115.7, 117.9, 121.4, 124.6, 126.9, 128.4, 128.6, 129.5, 129.9, 130.3, 133.3, 134.6, 137.5, 145.4, 153.7, 158.2, 158.6, 182.1.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 583 (M-PhOCH₂ ⁺, 10); 385 (Ia⁺, 39); 91 (100) (PhCH₂ ⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₃₅H₃₄N₂O₉S₂: C, 60.85; H, 4.96; N, 4.06. found: C, 61.04; H, 4.87; N, 3.88.

1.2.9 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin Vlaa

800 mg (2.46 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 98 mg (2.46 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.4 g (4.92 mmol) 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 3:1→1:2) and yielded 1.02 g of VIaa (1.90 mmol; 77%) as a yellow foam.

mp.: 61-62° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.66-1.70, 1.86-1.90, 3.10-3.13, 3.53-3.57 and 3.71-3.73 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.33 (s, 3H, OCHa); 3.35-3.39 (m, 2H, CH₃OCH₂); 3.63 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz, PhCH₂CH₂Br); 4.28 (t, 2H, J=5.7 Hz, PhCH₂CH₂Br); 4.91 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.89-6.97 (m, 3H, PhH and isatin-H); 7.27-7.30 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.97 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.02 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.5, 29.2, 29.4, 44.3, 49.7, 59.4, 68.4, 75.2, 111.6, 115.8, 117.9, 124.8, 127.0, 129.6, 134.7, 137.7, 153.7, 158.2, 158.6, 182.3.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 538 (42), 536 (42) (M⁺, 42); 493 (100), 491 (100) (M-CH₂OCH₃ ⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₃H₂₅BrN₂O₆S: C, 51.40; H, 4.69; N, 5.21. found: C, 51.08; H, 4.48; N, 5.00.

1.2.10 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-(2-(p-methylphenylsulfonyloxy)ethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Via

500 mg (0.93 mmol) of (S)-(+)-1-(4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethyl-pyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin VIaa was solved in 20 mL dry acetonitrile under argon atmosphere. After adding 1.26 g (4 mmol) silver tosylate the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. During the reaction grey precipitation was formed. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (toluene/ethyl acetate 2:1). It yielded 540 mg of Via (0.88 mmol; 94%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 61-62° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.63-1.68, 1.85-1.89, 3.09-3.13, 3.52-3.57 and 3.70-3.74 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 2.44 (s, 3H, PhCH₃); 3.33 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.33-3.39 (m, 2H, CH₃OCH₂); 4.12-4.15 (m, 2H, PhCH₂CH₂OTos); 4.33-4.36 (m, 2H, PhCH₂C₂HOTos); 4.89 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.78-6.81 (m, 2H, PhH) 6.91 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.15-7.35 (m, 6H, PhH); 7.78-7.82 (m, 2H, PhH), 7.97 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.03 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=22.0, 24.5, 29.2, 44.3, 49.7, 59.6, 60.7, 66.0, 68.3, 75.2, 111.5, 115.7, 117.9, 124.8, 126.9, 128.4, 129.4, 130.3, 133.3, 134.7, 137.7, 145.4, 153.7, 158.2, 158.6, 182.3.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 628 (M⁺, 1.5); 583 (100) (M-CH₂OCH₃, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₉S₂: C, 57.31; H, 5.13; N, 4.36. found: C, 57.36; H, 5.25; N, 3.99.

1.3 SPECT-compatible References (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.) 1.3.1 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-iodobenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin 1

385 mg (1 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 40 mg (1 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 445 mg (1.5 mmol) 4-iodobenzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (diisopropylether/acetone 4:1) and yielded 400 mg of 1 (0.66 mmol; 66%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 88-90° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.71-1.74, 1.91-1.98, 3.13-3.18, 3.39-3.43 and 4.05-4.09 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.81-3.91 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.78 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.72-6.76 (m, 3H, isatin-H and PhH); 6.83-6.87 (m, 1H, PhH); 6.98-7.01 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.13-7.19 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.61-7.63 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.86 (dd, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, 7.8 Hz, isatin-H); 7.93 (d, 1H, J=1.5 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDC3): δ (ppm)=24.1, 28.9, 43.8, 49.4, 58.6, 69.1, 94.0, 110.9, 114.3, 117.4, 120.9, 124.3, 129.2, 129.3, 129.4, 133.4, 134.4, 137.0, 138.3, 152.8, 157.7, 158.1, 181.3.

MS (ES): m/e (intensity %): 657 (100) (M+MeOH+Na)⁺; 625 (25) (M+Na)⁺; 603 (10) (M+H)*.

Anal. Calc. for C₂₆H₂₃IN₂O₅S: C, 51.84; H, 3.85; N, 4.65. found: 52.29; H, 4.11; N, 4.57.

1.3.2 Synthesis of (S)-1-(4-iodobenzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin 2

750 mg (2.3 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 92 mg (2.3 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.02 g (3.45 mmol) 4-iodobenzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (diisopropyl ether/acetone 8:1) and yielded 820 mg of 2 (1.52 mmol; 66%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 129-130° C.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.64-1.69, 1.86-1.91, 3.11-3.13, 3.35-3.41 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.30 (s, 3H, OCH₃); 3.52-3.57 and 3.72-3.74 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.91 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.87 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.08 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, PhH); 7.69 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz, PhH); 7.97 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.04 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCt₃): S (ppm)=24.1, 27.2, 28.9, 44.0, 49.2, 59.1, 59.2, 74.8, 94.1, 111.0, 117.6, 124.6, 129.4, 133.5, 134.5, 137.4, 138.4, 153.0, 157.8, 181.5.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 540 (M⁺, 2); 495 (100) (M-CH₂OCH₃ ⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₁H₂₁N₂IO₅S: C, 46.68; H, 3.92; N, 5.18. found: 47.00; H, 3.91; N, 5.01.

1.4 Precursors for SPECT Chemistry (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a etc.) 1.4.1 Synthesis of (S)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-1-(4-tributylstannylbenzyl)-isatin 1a

385 mg (1 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 60 mg (1.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 1.42 g (3 mmol) 4-Tributylstannylbenzylmethansulfonate as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 6:1) and yielded 410 mg of I (0.53 mmol; 53%) as an orange oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDClt): δ (ppm)=0.92 (t, 12H, J=7.5 Hz, SnBu-C H₃); 1.07-1.13, 1.31-1.43, 1.53-1.60 (m, 18H, SnCH₂) 1.81-1.89, 2.04-2.11, 3.28-3.34, 3.50-3.56 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.94-4.04 and 4.19-4.23 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.94 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.86 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz, 4-SnBu₃PhH); 6.91-6.99 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.23-7.34 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.51 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz, 4-SnBu₃PhH); 8.00 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.07 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=10.0, 14.0, 24.6, 27.7, 28.2, 29.4, 44.8, 49.9, 59.1, 69.6, 111.6, 114.8, 117.9, 121.5, 124.6, 127.4, 129.9, 133.7, 134.7, 137.5, 143.4, 153.8, 158.2, 158.6, 180.1, 182.1.

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 709 (C₃₋₈HsoN₂O₅SSn—C₄H₉)⁺.

1.4.2 Synthesis of (S)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-1-(4-trimethylsilylbenzyl)-isatin 1b

500 mg (1.29 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 64 mg (1.61 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 314 mg (1.29 mmol) 4-trimethylsilylbenzylbromide as described in the general procedure and stirred 21 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with 50 mL water and extracted with 100 mL chloroform three times. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporation the product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 2:1) and yielded 217 mg of 1b (0.4 mmol; 31%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 128-130° C. (decomposition)

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=0.25 (s, 9H, Si(CH₃)₃); 1.77-1.81, 1.99-2.05, 3.23-3.26, 3.47-3.49 and 3.88-4.17 (m, 9H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 4.90 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.79-6.94 (m, 4H, isatin-H and PhH); 7.19-7.30 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.50-7.53 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.95 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.01 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=−1.21, 14.2, 24.2, 29.1, 44.4, 49.5, 58.7, 69.2, 111.2, 114.4, 117.5, 121.1, 124.3, 126.9, 129.5, 134.2, 137.1, 141.3, 153.7, 158.0, 158.3, 182.2.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 548 (M⁺, 5); 441 (M-CH₂OPh⁺, 100).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅SSi: C, 63.48; H, 5.88; N, 5.11. found: C, 62.67; H, 6.02; N, 4.86.

1.4.3 Synthesis of (S)-(+)-1-(4-bromobenzyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin 1c

500 mg (1.3 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin Ia was converted with 60 mg (1.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 647 mg (2.6 mmol) 4-bromobenzylbromide as described in the general procedure. The crude dark orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroletherlethyl acetate 2:1) and yielded 480 mg of 1c (0.87 mmol; 67%) as an orange solid.

mp.: 74-76° C.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=1.78-1.85, 1.98-2.05, 3.23-3.27, 3.47-3.52 and 3.97-3.99 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.89-3.93 (m, 2H, PhOCH₂); 4.87 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.79-6.81 (m, 3H, isatin-H and PhH); 6.91-6.95 (m, 1H, PhH); 7.19-7.26 (m, 4H, PhH); 7.50-7.51 (m, 2H, PhH); 7.96 (dd, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 8.02 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=24.2, 29.1, 43.9, 49.5, 58.7, 69.1, 75.7, 111.0, 114.4, 117.5, 121.1, 122.7, 124.5, 129.3, 129.5, 132.5, 132.8, 134.7, 137.2, 152.9, 157.8, 158.2, 181.2.

MS (EI-directly intake): m/e (intensity %): 555 (5), 553 (M⁺, 5); 449 (100), 447 (M-CH₂OPh⁺, 95).

Anal. Calc. for C₂₆H₂₃BrN₂O₅S: C, 56.18; H, 4.17; N, 5.04. found: C, 56.50; H, 4.28; N, 4.68.

1.4.4 Synthesis of (S)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]-1-(4-tributylstannylbenzyl)isatin 2a

324 mg (1 mmol) of (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin IIa was converted with 60 mg (1.5 mmol) sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil) and 680 mg (1.4 mmol) 4-tributylstannylbenzylmethansulfonate as described in the general procedure. The crude orange product was purified by silica gel chromatography (petrolether/ethyl acetate 4:1) and yielded 378 mg of 2a (0.54 mmol; 54%) as an orange oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm)=0.80 (t, 12H, J=7.5 Hz, SnBu—CH₃); 0.94-1.00, 1.16-1.28, 1.39-1.48 (m, 18H, SnCH₂) 1.58-1.61, 1.78-1.83, 3.02-3.09, 3.45-3.50, 3.64-3.69 (m, 7H, pyrrolidine-CH₂ and CH); 3.25 (s, 3H, CH₃OCH₂); 3.27-3.35 (m, 2H, CH₃OCH₂); 4.87 (s, 2H, NCH₂Ph); 6.86 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz, 4-SnBu₃PhH); 7.38 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz, 4-SnBu₃PhH); 7.91 (dd, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, 8.4 Hz, isatin-H); 7.97 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, isatin-H).

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): S (ppm)=9.6, 13.6, 24.1, 27.3, 28.8, 29.0, 44.4, 49.3, 59.2, 60.3, 74.8, 111.2, 117.5, 124.4, 126.9, 133.2, 137.3, 143.0, 153.4, 157.8, 180.0.

MS (MALDI-TOF) m/e: 647 (C₃₃H₄₈N₂O₅SSn—C₄H₉)⁺.

2. Radiosynthesis of PET- and SPECT-Compatible CbRs 2.1 PET-compatible CbRs (eg. [¹¹C]II, [¹¹C]III, [¹¹CIV, [¹⁸F]V etc.)

2.1.1 Radiosynthesis^(a) of (S)-(+)-1-([¹¹C]methyl)-5-[1-(2-phenoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin ([¹¹C]I

[¹¹]C]CO₂ was produced by the ¹⁴N(p,α)¹¹C nuclear reaction of research grade nitrogen gas target mixture containing 2.5% oxygen with a CTI-RDS-111 cyclotron using 11 MeV proton beams at currents of 40 μA and trapped in a stainless steel loop cooled with liquid nitrogen to −150° C. [¹¹C]CH₃I was prepared from [¹¹C]CO₂, 50 μl 1 M LiAlH₄ (ABX advanced biochemical compounds), 100 μl 0.5 M H₃PO₄, a column filled with PPh₃I₂ adsorbed at Al₂O₃ (180° C.) and a column filled with P₂O₅ using a procedure similar to that previously described [38]. 1.0 mg (2.6 μmol) desmethyl-precursor Ia and 0.2 mg (60% mineral oil, 5.0 μmol) NaH in 200 μl DMF was reacted with [¹¹C]CH₃I at 80° C. for 5 min. After cooling to 50° C., 200 μl water for injection were added and the crude mixture was loaded onto a semi-preparative HPLC-column and the product [¹¹C]I was eluated with H₂O/CH₃CN 65/35 at a flow of 4 ml/min at 43.6-50 min in 150 ml water for injection. The mixture was passed through a C18 SepPak®-cartridge (Waters). The cartridge was washed with 5 ml water for injection and [¹¹C]I was eluated with 2 ml EtOH in 10 ml saline. Finally the solution was filtered through a sterile filter (0.2 μm). The time of synthesis and purification was 91 min from the EOB. The absolute radiochemical yield was 290 MBq. The radiochemical purity, determined via radio-HPLC (eluent: 500 mM NH₄COO/CH₃CN 6/4, flow: 0.3 ml/min, retention time: 23.8 min), was >99% with a specific activity of 1.0 GBq/μmol at the EOS (n=1). Chemical identity of [¹¹C]I was proved by HPLC coinjection of [¹¹C]I and non-radioactive reference I.

^(a) Radiosynthesis was Carried Out Using an Automated PET Tracer Synthesizer TRACERLab Fxc (GE Functional Imaging GmbH).

Separation of the radiosynthesized compounds, and analyses of the radiochemical yields were performed by radio-HPLC using a Syknm S1021 pump, a Knauer K-2001 UV-detector (wavelength 254 nm), a Raytest Ramona-90/92 γ-detector, a Nucleosil 100-10 C18 precolumn (20×8 mm²) and a Nucleosil 100-7 C18 column (250×16 mm²). Sample injection was carried out using a VICI injector block (type C6W incl. 1000 μl loop). The recorded data were processed by the TRACERLab C software (GE Functional Imaging GmbH).

The radiochemical purities and the specific activities were acquired with a radio-HPLC system composed of a Syknm S1021 pump, a Knauer K-2501 UV-detector (wavelength 254 nm), a Crismatec Na(TI) Scintibloc 51 SP51 γ-detector, a Nucleosil 100-3 C18 column (200×3 mm²), a VICI injector block (type C1 incl. 20 μl loop) and the NINA version 4.8, Rev. 4 software (GE Functional Imaging GmbH).

2.1.2 Radiosynthesis^(b) of (S)-1-(4-(2-[¹⁸F]Fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin[¹⁸F]VI

No-carrier-added aqueous [18F]fluoride was produced on a CTI-RDS-111 cyclotron by irradiation of a 1.2 ml water target using 10 MeV proton beams on 97.0% enriched [¹⁸O]water by the ¹⁸O(p,n)¹⁸F nuclear reaction. A typical ion batch was 5.9 GBq of [¹⁸F]fluoride at the end of bombardment for currents of 20 μA and irradiation times of 5 min. To recover the [¹⁸O]water the ion batch of aqueous [¹⁸F]fluoride was passed through an anion exchange resin (Sep-Pak® Light Waters Accell™ Plus QMA cartridge, preconditioned with 5 ml 1 M K₂CO₃ and 10 ml water for injection). [¹⁸F]fluoride was eluted from the resin with a mixture of 40 μl 1 M K₂CO₃, 200 μl water for injection, and 800 μl DNA-grade CH₃CN containing 10 mg Kryptofix®222. Subsequently, the aqueous [¹⁸F]K(Kryptofix222)F solution was carefully evaporated to dryness in vacuo.

[¹⁸F]VI was prepared by treating the tosylate precursor (1.3 mg, 2.1 μmol) VIa with the carefully dried [¹⁸F]K(Kryptofix222)F residue in DNA-grade CH₃CN (1 ml) at 84° C. for 5 min. Then CH₃CN was evaporated in vacuo at 50° C. After cooling to rt the crude reaction mixture was passed through a Waters Sep-Pak® Light C18 cartridge with water for injection (10 mL). The cartridge was washed with additional water for injection (10 ml), followed by elution of the [18F]VI raw product with ethanol (1.5 ml). The ethanolic solution was fractionised using a semiautomatical radio-RP-HPLC procedure (conditions: flow 2 ml/min, λ=254 nm; eluents: A=CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA, 950150/1, B═CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA, 50/950/1; Nucleosil 100 C18 5μ column (250×4.6 mm²) with corresponding precolumn (20×4.6 mm²); eluent B from 70% to 10% in 35 min, from 10% to 70% in 5 min) resulting in [¹⁸F]VI with radiochemical yields of 32% (decay-corrected) and radiochemical purities >90% (Retention time R_(t)=26 min). The determined specific radioactivity was 48 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). The time of synthesis and purification was 82 min from the end of bombardement (EOB). The absolute radiochemical yield was 1109 MBq at the EOS. Chemical identity of [¹⁸F]VI was proved by RP-HPLC and coinjection of [18F]VI and nonradioactive counterpart VI.

For in vivo experiments, the [¹⁸F]VI fraction was collected in 0.5 ml 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution and dried in vacuo. Finally, [18F]VI was diluted in saline to reconstitute injectable doses with radioactivity concentrations of 70 MBq/ml.

^(b) Radiosynthesis was carried out using a modified automated PET Tracer Synthesizer TRACERLab FX_(FDG) (GE Functional imaging GmbH). The recorded data were processed by the TRACERLab FDG software (GE Functional Imaging GmbH).

Separation of the radiosynthesised and unlabelled compounds, analyses of the radiochemical yields and radiochemical purities as well as specific activities were performed by a gradient radio-HPLC system composed of a RP-HPLC Nucleosil column 100 C-18 5μ 250×4.6 mm², a corresponding 20×4.6 mm² precolumn, a Knauer K-500 and a Latek P 402 pump, a Knauer K-2000 UV-detector (wavelength 254 nm) and a Crismatec Na(TI) Scintibloc 51 SP51 gamma detector. Sample injection was carried out using a Rheodyne injector block (type 7125 incl. 200 μl loop). The recorded data were processed by the NINA radio-HPLC software, version 4.9 (GE Functional Imaging GmbH, Germany).

2.2 SPECT-Compatible CbRs (eg. [¹²³]1, [¹²³I]2, [^(99m)Tc]3 etc.) 2.2.1 Radiosynthesis of (S)-1-(4-[¹²⁵I]iodobenzyl)-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)isatin [¹²⁵I]1

In a conical glas vial 0.56 mg (0.725 μmol) (S)-5-(1-[2-(phenoxymethyl)pyrrolidinyl]sulfonyl)-1-(4-(tributylstannyl)benzyl)-isatin Ia in 100 μl ethanol were added to a solution of 4 μl [¹²⁵I]NaI (approx. 14 MBq) in 0.05; N NaOH and 4 μl 0.05 M H₃PO₄. The radiosynthesis was started by adding 0.25 mg (1.095 μmol) chloramine-T hydrate (CAT) in 25 μl 0.1 M K₂HPO₄ (pH 7.36). The reaction mixture was vortexed and allowed to stand 5 min at RT. The resulting reaction suspension was diluted with 50 μl ethanol and was injected onto a gradient radio-RP-HPLC-chromatograph with a Nucleosil 100 column (C-18 5μ 250×4.6 mm) with a corresponding precolumn (20×4.6 mm) and combined γ-/UV-detectors to isolate the radiolabeled product [¹²⁵]I. Radiochemical yield: 90%. Radiochemical purity: >95%. Calculated specific activity: 0.134 GBq/μg. HPLC-conditions: eluent A: CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA 950/50/1, eluent B: CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA 50/950/1; time-program: isocratic run with 37% of eluent B; flow: 2.5 ml/min, λ: 254 nm, R_(t)(product): 17.7 min.

Quality Control

200 μl of the product fraction was re-injected onto the HPLC column. The quality control did not show any impurities within the γ-range. Only the injection peak was detectable within the UV-range. HPLC-conditions: eluent A: CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA 950/50/1, eluent B: CH₃CN/H₂O/TFA 50/950/1; time-program: eluent B from 50% to 20% within 20 min, eluent B 20% for 10 min, eluent B from 20% to 50% within 10 min; flow: 2.5 ml/min; λ: 254 nm; R_(t) (product): 17.2 min.

Reference Control

The radioiodinated product [¹²⁵]I was verified by concentrating 150 μl of the isolated γ-fraction with 50 μl of a solution of the non-radioactive reference compound 1 in methanol (c=1 mg/ml methanol). The concentrated 200 μl mixture was again injected onto the HPLC column. Both the radiolabeled product and the non-radioactive reference standard corresponded to each other. HPLC-conditions: see Quality control; R_(t) (product): 16.9 min.

3. Caspase Inhibition Assay

The inhibition of recombinant human caspase 3 by twentythree isatin sulfonamides (twenty of those representing new isatin derivatives) has been assessed by using standard fluorometric assays [21a].

Recombinant full-length human caspase-3 was purified as described previously [21b]. The caspase-3 substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC (Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-AMC, K_(M)=9.7 mM±1 mM) was purchased from Alexis Biochemicals (Switzerland) and dissolved in a buffer consisting of 140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, and 10 mM KH₂PO₄. Enzyme assays were performed in a 200 μl volume at 37° C. in reaction buffer containing 0.1% CHAPS, 50 mM KCl, 5 mM P-mercaptoethanol, 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) and nonradioactive isatins in DMSO each in single doses (end concentrations 500 M, 50 μM, 5 μM, 500 nM, 50 nM, 5 nM, 500 μM, 50 μM or 5 μM). Recombinant caspase-3 was diluted into the appropriate buffer to a concentration of 1 unit per assay (=0.5 μM, i.e. 100 μM substrate conversion after 10 min). After 10 min incubation time Ac-DEVD-AMC (end concentration 10 μM) was added and reacted for further 10 min. Reaction rates showing inhibitory activity of the nonradioactive model inhibitor were measured with a Fusion™ universal microplate analyzer (PerkinElmer) at excitation and emission wavelengths of 360 and 460 nm, respectively. The IC₅₀-values were determined by non-linear regression analysis using the XMGRACE program (Linux software) and converted into the corresponding Ki-values by the equation K_(i)=IC₅₀/(1+[S]/K_(M)) assuming competitive inhibition by the isatin derivatives, where [S] is the concentration and K_(M) is the Michaelis constant of substrate Ac-DEVD-AMC.

The resulting Kir_(app)) values in table 7 show that the in vitro affinities of the modified and new isatin sulfonamides have been significantly improved compared with the compounds of structures I, Ia and IIa (Schemel).

TABLE 7 Inhibition constants of N-1-alkylated isatin derivatives

Inhibitor Inhibitor K_(i(app))/nM ^(a) log D R₁ = R₂ = Caspase 3 values ^(b) Ph H— (Ia)  89 ([21]: 2.23 IC₅₀ = 44 nM) Ph ^(c) CH₃— (I) 124 ([20]: 15 nM) 2.27 Ph ^(c) 4-CH₃O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (III) n.d. 3.96 Ph ^(d) 4-I—C₆H₄—CH₂— (1) 3  5.08 Ph 4-(CH₃)₃Si—C₆H₄—CH₂— (1b)  0.7 6.55 Ph 4-Br—C₆H₄—CH₂— (1c) 3  4.82 Ph 4-HO—C₆H₄—CH₂ (IIIa) 3  3.31 Ph 4-BnO—C₆H₄—CH₂— (IIIaa)  6.9 5.62 Ph 4-TBDMSO—C₆H₄—CH₂ (IIIab) 20   2.44 Ph 4-TosO(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (Va) 17   5.05 Ph 4-Br(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (Vaa) 25   4.73 Ph ^(c) 4-F(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (V)  0.4 4.19 CH₃ H— (IIa)  77 ([20]: 60 nM) 0.26 CH₃ ^(c) CH₃— (II) 2  0.28 CH₃ ^(c) 4-CH₃O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (IV) 9  1.97 CH₃ ^(d) 4-I—C₆H₄—CH₂— (2) 11   3.09 CH₃ 4-Bu₃Sn—C₆H₄—CH₂— (2a) 22   9.86 CH₃ 4-HO—C₆H₄—CH₂ (IVa) 45   1.32 CH₃ 4-BnO-C₆H₄—CH₂— (IVaa) 5  3.62 CH₃ 4-TBDMSO—C₆H₄—CH₂ (IVab) 4  0.45 CH₃ 4-TosO(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (VIa) 2  3.05 CH₃ 4-Br(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (VIaa) 13   2.73 CH₃ ^(c) 4-F(CH₂)₂O—C₆H₄—CH₂— (VI) 36   2.20 ^(a) K_(i(app)) = IC₅₀/(1 + [S]/K_(M)) with [S] = 10 μM, K_(M) = 9.7 mM ± 1.0 mM; S = Ac-DEVD-AMC ^(b) logD values calculated with ACD/Chemsketch Labs 6.00 (log D = log P at physiological pH (pH 7.4) ^(c) Non-radioactive target compounds of potential PET-compatible CbRs. ^(d) Non-radioactive target compounds of potential SPECT-compatible CbRs.

4. Cellular Caspase Assays

In the context of cellular apoptosis assays concentration- and time-dependent kinetics of mentioned CbRs and CbR-transporter conjugates are performed to evaluate the pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis in viable apoptotic cells (e.g. growth factor withdrawal-induced, drug-induced, or ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells).

HUVEC (Human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were cultivated on gelatine (2%)-coated dishes in RPMI-1640 containing 15% bovine calf serum, 1% Pen/Strep/Amph, 1% Heparin and 0.05 mg/ml bovine pituitary extract (BPE) at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Apoptosis was induced by growth factor withdrawal as previously described [39]. For caspase inhibition experiments, cells were pre-incubated for 30 min with the compounds in the indicated concentrations. The medium was then removed and replaced with RPMI-1640 without serum or BPE, and the cells were incubated in the presence or absence of the various inhibitor concentrations for 8 hours. All cells were then harvested in lysis buffer, incubated for 10 min on ice, and cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 14000 rpm at 4° C. for 10 min. Protein concentration was determined by the Pierce protein assay, and 30 μg cell lysate were loaded on 15% SDS-Page gels and transferred to Immobilon PVDF membranes. Western blots were performed with antibodies to active caspase-3 (Cell Signaling) and developed using ECL (Amersham).

A quantitative (pharmacological) inhibition of before mentioned target caspases with the non-radioactive PET- or SPECT-compatible CbRs of presented invention needs macroscopic amounts of the inhibitor, i.e. concentrations of caspase inhibitor that are definitely more than necessarily needed for molecular imaging purposes. Therefore, concentrations of inhibitor in the micromolar range (see FIGS. 1 and 2: Western blots of specific non-radioactive CbRs of the present invention) clearly demonstrate an incisive non-invasive imaging compatibility. The inhibition of caspase progression in the presence of compounds 2, II, IV, and VI, is already recognizable at 10 μM (FIGS. 1 and 2).

FIG. 1 is a Western blot analysis of active caspase-3 in apoptotically dying human endothelial cells in the presence of different concentrations (c=1 μM i c=10 μM) of PET—(cpds. II, I, IV, III) and SPECT-compatible (cpds. 2, 1) nonradioactive conterparts of the CbRs. The methoxymethyl compounds II, IV, and 2 inhibit caspase processing to its p12 subunit with compensatory accumulation of the p17 subunit at 10 μM. Z-VAD-fmk is used as a control for full inhibition of caspase processing.

FIG. 2 is a Western blot analysis of active caspase-3 in apoptotically dying human endothelial cells in the presence of different concentrations (c=1-300 μM) of fluorinated PET—compatible nonradioactive conterparts of the CbRs VI and V. Inhibition of caspase processing by compound VI occurs at 10 μM.

As can be seen from above the compounds of the present invention lead to PET- and SPECT-compatible CbR tracers with a 5-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin skeletal structure that are able to target intracellular caspases, preferably the effector caspases 3 and 7. The potency of several new CbR reference substances (nonradioactive) has been proved in vitro using caspase inhibition assays. The new compounds comprise even higher affinities to caspase 3 compared with the compounds of structures I and IIa.

Thus the above CbRs enable a specific imaging of apoptosis leading to a enhanced efficacy and precision of therapeutic interventions (disease monitoring) and open new perspectives in many areas of disease management (therapy control).

5. In Vivo Experiments Data Acquisition—PET.

PET was performed using a high-resolution dedicated small-animal PET system (32-module quadHIDAC; Oxford Positron Systems) which uses multiwire chamber detectors with submillimeter-resolution potency. For each data acquisition, up to two mice were placed on a heating pad to maintain a normal body temperature. The animals were anesthetised by inhalation of isoflurane (1.5%) and intravenously injected with approximately 7 MBq of each radiotracer in 100 μL isotonic as well as isohydric solution.

FIG. 3 is an examination of the in vivo biodistribution behavior of [¹⁸F]VI in NMRI athymic nude mice (nu/nu) using the quadHIDAC small-animal PET scanner (scanning time: 180 min after i.v. injection of 7 MBq [¹⁸F]VI). All organs are cleared from radioactivity after 3 h except the bowels and the gall bladder.

Acquisition Protocol—Biodistribution in WT Mouse (nu/nu)

A small-animal PET scan was performed with the quadHIDAC device to trace the in vivo biodistribution behavior of the PET-compatible CbR(S)-1-(4-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)-sulfonyl]isatin [¹⁸F]VI. Immediately after i.v. injection of [¹⁸F]VI (A=7 MBq, pH=8, A_(s)=48 GBq/μmol, V=100 μl in sodium bicarbonate buffered saline solution) data acquisition was started. List-mode data were acquired for 180 min and subsequently reconstructed into an image volume of 90×90×120 mm³, voxel size 0.4×0.4×0.4 mm³, using an iterative reconstruction algorithm (OPL-EM). As shown in FIG. 3, [¹⁸F]VI was cleared 180 min p.i. from all peripheral organs. Radioactivity only remains in the bowels and in a hot spot nearby the liver which putatively can be assigned to the gall bladder. Mentioned hot spot remains even 6 h p.i. (data not shown). According to the here described invention [¹⁸F]VI is a PET-compatible CbR with corresponding pharmacokinetics, plasma clearance characteristics as well as imaging potency for the detection of locally upregulated caspase activity that is associated with induced apoptosis.

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1. A method of preparing a diagnostic composition for non invasive imaging of caspase activity in vivo by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET), comprising a) providing a non-peptidyl CbR or CbR-transporter conjugate according to Formula 1,

wherein R₁—X—Y is methoxymethyl; wherein R₂ is an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aralkyl, heteroarylalkyl, carboxymethyl or methyloxycarbonylmethyl group, wherein the substituents are selected from F, I, Br, OH, NH₂, methylamino, methoxy, fluoroethyloxy, fluoropropyloxy, trimethylamino, nitro, tosylate, triflate, mesylate, diazonium N₂ ⁺, 3-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenyl, tributylstannyl, trimethylstannyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-hydrazino-pyridin-5-carbonyl; or a metal-chelator or a metal-chelator bound to an aralkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl group; and optionally additionally comprises a spacer, linker or molecular transporter selected from Annexin V, PEG₁₋₂₀₀, an oligopeptide, polyamide, polysaccharide, —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—, succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein n=0-6 and m=1-200; wherein R₂ can also contain an amino acid selected from histidine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine, arginine and aspartic acid; and wherein R₂ is labelled with a positron-emitting non-metal radionuclide selected from C-11, N-13, and F-18; and b) formulating the non-peptidyl CbR or CbR-transporter conjugate in an isotonic or isohydric solution in an amount effective for use in non invasive imaging of caspase activity in vivo by SPECT or PET.
 2. A method for the diagnosis of disorders connected with apoptosis, comprising a) administering a 5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivative of Formula 1 in vivo to a subject in need of diagnosis,

wherein, R₁—X—Y is methoxymethyl; R₂ is an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aralkyl, heteroarylalkyl, carboxymethyl or methyloxycarbonylmethyl group, wherein the substituents are selected from F, I, Br, OH, NH₂, methylamino, methoxy, fluoroethyloxy, fluoropropyloxy, trimethylamino, nitro, tosylate, triflate, mesylate, diazonium N₂ ⁺, 3-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenyl, tributylstannyl, trimethylstannyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-hydrazino-pyridin-5-carbonyl; or a metal-chelator or a metal-chelator bound to an aralkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl group; and optionally additionally comprises a spacer, linker or molecular transporter selected from Annexin V, PEG₁₋₂₀₀, an oligopeptide, polyamide, polysaccharide, —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—, succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein n=0-6 and m=1-200 and wherein R₂ can also contain an amino acid selected from histidine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine, arginine and aspartic acid; b) detecting formed enzyme-inhibitor complexes via a nuclear medicinal technique; and c) determining in a clinical environment whether the apoptosis is physiological or pathological apoptosis.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the disorder to be diagnosed is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, allograft rejection, stroke or neurodegenerative disorders. 4-5. (canceled)
 6. A method for monitoring therapeutic responses connected with apoptosis, comprising a) administering a 5-Pyrrolidinylsulfonyl isatin derivative of Formula 1 in vivo to a subject in need of monitoring of therapeutic responses in treatment of an already diagnosed disorder,

wherein, R₁—X—Y is methoxymethyl; R₂ is an optionally substituted alkyl, heteroalkyl, aralkyl, heteroarylalkyl, carboxymethyl or methyloxycarbonylmethyl group, wherein the substituents are selected from F, I, Br, OH, NH₂, methylamino, methoxy, fluoroethyloxy, fluoropropyloxy, trimethylamino, nitro, tosylate, triflate, mesylate, diazonium N₂ ⁺, 3-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorobenzoyl, 4-fluorophenyl, tributylstannyl, trimethylstannyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-hydrazino-pyridin-5-carbonyl; or a metal-chelator or a metal-chelator bound to an aralkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or piperazin-1-carbonylmethyl group; and optionally additionally comprises a spacer, linker or molecular transporter selected from Annexin V, PEG₁₋₂₀₀, an oligopeptide, polyamide, polysaccharide, —NHC(O)—((CH₂)_(n)—NH—C(O))_(m)—, —O—((CH₂)_(n)—O)_(m)—, succinyl and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole units, wherein n=0-6 and m=1-200 and wherein R₂ can also contain an amino acid selected from histidine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine, arginine and aspartic acid; b) detecting formed enzyme-inhibitor complexes via a nuclear medicinal technique; and c) monitoring therapeutic response to treatment of an already diagnosed disorder by determining apoptosis in the subject during a treatment regime in a clinical environment.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the method comprises the monitoring of induction of apoptosis in tumors.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the apoptosis is chemotherapy-induced or ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. 